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標題: 小升初英語語法常識 [打印本頁]
作者: wmdjwyx 時間: 2019-12-7 02:43
標題: 小升初英語語法常識
一、 名 詞
; u$ H* j5 g4 `4 N表現某一事物,有具體的和抽象的之分。分為可數名詞和不成數名詞。
& l7 \( \7 M9 x! X, h+ C夸大:不成數名詞都默以為單數,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依據some、any、a lot of等詞往作判
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斷,以免受誤導。
8 P s3 @! w* x5 M- M; }( P1、可數名詞若何變“復數情勢”:
1 O8 ]7 u+ x9 Ka.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;讀音3庠皰子音后讀<strike>,濁子音和
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元音后讀[z]。+ X* Y2 Q- U* k7 M- u5 P$ t- k
b.以s. x. sh. ch結尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;讀音:[iz]。
* `$ U o! ]0 V8 Ac.以“子音字母+y”結尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;讀音:[z]。
2 W4 Z3 Z7 d3 p5 Kd.以“f或fe”結尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;讀音:[z]。
3 `% p# r) z8 D" Me.以“o”結尾的詞,分兩種情形
6 W" C! _& a8 X- {* E2 F0 Q" ?1)有性命的+es 讀音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes
0 L9 ?# j; F/ j7 F1 R# B9 g, q2) 無性命的+s 讀音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios
E( W9 }; D& _6 ?; g- H5 ?$ u% Cf. 不規(guī)矩名詞復數: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,
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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,
& L- T8 C( K, N9 E/ F3 [people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 7 @# R n0 `4 l: \6 x) D' R6 X/ s
2、不成數名詞沒有復數。假如要盤算不成數名詞所表達的數目,就得在數詞和不成數名詞之間加上“量
5 o) `4 V& X0 V. `' W詞+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice) j0 }) |* Z r
判定步調:
% c4 a$ y9 I" G; H5 s+ y ↗如是am、is或was→本相# [8 g0 G1 T, H
讀句子→讀該單詞→熟悉該單詞→懂得意思→看be動詞
- o2 R# E: j2 _9 } ↘如是are或were→加s或es [9 e- Q+ U' H2 o$ U
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1、寫出下列各詞的復數。 . ?$ x- C, D8 z9 D' u8 I. q" `
I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______
) ]6 V& d/ y( jsheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
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sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ leaf_______ people________
Z: |9 }3 ?+ ]9 T& P: r' M2、用所給名詞的┞俘確情勢填空。
, z8 J( h9 j( D, T( P V6 U) D/ v(1)Are there two ( box ) on the table?# j2 j. i$ R) G$ O" F0 P5 W
(2)I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.
- k. h) k$ I% t& k) v4 Y @! r9 t3 [(3)How many ( day ) are there in a week?* n4 H( S ]/ i) x
(4)Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.
% ?" o8 V9 b7 x8 F. z9 c- u2 @(5)This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.4 ~. K( b3 r" B$ V
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二、冠 詞
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冠詞是一種虛詞,不克不及自力應用,凡是放在名詞的前面,分為“不定冠詞”和“定冠詞”兩種。
0 H& S( ]% c5 k1 ]9 A1、不定冠詞:a、an。用在單數名詞前,表現“一個,一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”開首的單詞前。如:
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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…
! u% j; J, |% A0 W* T; U2、定冠詞:the。用在單數或者復數名詞前。the沒有具體意思,有時翻譯為這、那。它的基礎用法:
) {% s6 d+ t! C (1)用來表現特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.0 w6 D2 \# y. B, V
(2)表現措辭者兩邊都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.# d5 u* q# ?7 T) H2 F! ^; k" j
(3)表現再次提到前面談過的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
1 W8 ]1 D2 ^7 Z' v( a3 n (4)用在表現世界上并世無雙的事物前。如:the sun太陽 the moon月亮 the earth地球
8 t2 ~- Z- X0 C& O Q8 d% R6 \& _ (5)用在由通俗名詞組成的專著名詞前。如:the Great Wall長城
4 l6 X- @$ D. s9 X4 ]" p (6)用在江河、湖海等專著名詞前。如:the Changjiang River長江# m& k$ Y, V7 m% G" z: u. D& X
(7)此外,序數詞、形容詞第一流、樂器名稱檔故前面和一些習習用語中一般都用定冠詞the。如:
% \" q0 i% [( w8 Ythe first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
" F* I) x U# ^斷定用a、an仍是the時可依據漢語意思。
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1、用a或an填空。
! O: y7 ?! p- E' B ____ “U” ____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper ____ teapot ____apple \% w/ e1 Q- i7 b* a! m
____office ____English book ____umbrella ____unit ____hour
" H( t1 E# l% F% M7 ^( ]2、依據須要,填寫冠詞a,an或the。2 d+ ]7 E# U+ V+ a% k' m6 ^
(1)Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
+ Q* J& ~9 E0 K7 _) y! i' g(2) ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
0 u. Z) c: _ u" a, b$ l. g(3)This is ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.
( F/ y/ f! d9 B) A/ a9 X(4)He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.0 ]5 ^: H/ U$ o; i0 O% \0 A
(5)We all had____good time last Sunday.
. ~& i/ U% x& }+ ?(6)She wants to be____doctor.
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/ U! D- ~6 L- e' W/ H9 X三, 數 詞
2 B5 p4 t7 s& D& Z: r我們學過兩類:基數詞和序數詞?;鶖涤糜诒憩F數目幾多,而基數詞用于表現順序,常在日期中呈現。差別:基數詞前面沒有“the”;序數詞前必定要有“the”。
' _; R$ e p4 n" k2 |1、跨越二十以上的兩位數須要在個位和十位之間加上“-”。如:21 twenty-one
7 m4 @; H7 R# w2 Q: a& K. v! v5 y2、三位數以上的則須要在百位數后再加上and。如:101 a/one hundred and one5 f$ M6 I% Z' [
3、用基數詞來潤飾可數名詞時,必定別忘了它的復數情勢。如:十八個男孩 eighteen boys5 p/ p& L! p! j0 p+ p, n2 p: w) M
4、用基數詞潤飾不成數名詞時,如是復數,變它的量詞為復數。
2 z$ F0 f% b! n# v3 |如:兩碗米飯 two bowls of rice
$ g% c4 f9 i) z2 Y$ X1 V6 ~5、序數詞一般加“th”,特別的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第幾十幾”3庠鳶面整十不變,后面“幾”改為序
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數詞。如:88 eighty-eighth
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1、請翻譯下列短語。 9 h* R7 V+ ^+ e# W6 N" a' o
(1)60論理學生 (2)15本英語書
6 u1 E9 Z/ d: p+ n% n h4 c) a" `; [(3)九杯涼水 (4)4個孩子
. Z, p7 g+ E0 n {+ v3 x(5)12月31 (6)6月2日 - X9 y& X; ?2 B" O/ Q: Z- T
(7)第九周 (8)40年前
( Z V% S6 o) @2 F$ z- f& g(9)11+7 (10)上學第一天
# _6 L' A3 k* K& T& K2、把下列基數詞改成序數詞。! J) M1 J7 g+ l0 u6 y
one--- two--- three--- nine--- 5 f2 g$ @* X- E4 L* B
fourteen--- twenty--- thirty-five--- eighty-one
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四、代 詞
& L. u5 ]# W' c) X代詞有兩種:人稱代詞和物主代詞。/ W2 {) v4 _8 l5 l1 C
1、人稱代詞分為:第一、第二、第三人稱,且有單復數之分。
2 ?! P- n4 |- W1 J/ A# k2、人稱代詞的主格在句中做主語,一般用在動詞前(疑問句除外);賓格在句中做賓語,多
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用于動詞、介詞后。+ P' C$ S& N, ~) q* V
3、形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的感化,后面必定要跟名詞,表現該名詞是屬于誰的。
: r' {2 O0 S5 }8 _- j1 e) I4、名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。如:
4 C/ H- y0 Q. O- Z3 M This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.. j' _3 |; R+ Z7 L5 e* ]
一般看后面有沒著名詞,若有,就用形容詞性物主代詞;如無,就用名詞性物主代詞。& C3 z6 p3 d7 c5 l
請服膺下表:
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- d/ s! @% s1 X$ v. N* i
/ g4 M% I( t/ `; ~' f人稱 代詞
/ B+ L' \' K0 m- r$ Y
: o, ^) {7 X$ d0 t5 H, l主格
8 ~0 `4 ?+ j2 c$ U& I, e G % B+ o9 `+ w4 u$ r6 q; ?6 e. x* ?
I
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5 S. Z* A+ i: N. b, y" W
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- d: |! f! M6 S% f8 [) ]& m3 ~6 C
it
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1 P8 M3 `' ~$ s" k; o
1 |% W, _+ S6 b+ j4 j# Y, v( Z! n) d% ?0 n2 t& L
you
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they
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: {, w) C& ^ A9 D4 J9 E6 d
' l9 \$ i: A! x3 |/ `0 Y1 Tme
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us
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( h3 }: ]: I& _/ B. x2 v$ Byou
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! k: S; m9 M6 w8 Y+ bthem
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; \8 m: t, b- `
形容詞性
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my
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his
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9 Z7 l4 J$ j' mher
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1 ^* B7 I; l" R3 b6 f5 dits
0 p5 R! [. t K4 L& d& {
7 f: B( n+ l: Hour
7 u/ i: h. t# l2 W6 d( O! s
' t. m D, Q" ]/ P5 o" }/ byour
3 ~. T2 m5 Y7 S5 I8 y* j& T, Y 5 m9 r' F: D, R; q8 e. v
their
C- y- p: V2 y+ x; B& I7 Z
4 Q! A1 y7 U% Z2 [ f1 h$ V. w3 Q$ x: ~/ ]% G( i, {" s( y0 A
mine
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+ a& n. x2 k4 R/ z' Q1 Z, W9 d6 E% {6 x: c" G! n
his
9 V! s# K9 o. P8 {( `& X" P. a
2 U& k7 e4 r' }: G Y
hers
5 \5 A x; R9 d( S5 V3 M ; E& O ?2 \( t
its
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9 T3 c& [) x3 ~% y0 l' xours
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6 ^+ s" b* q- ~$ r7 Q3 l2 C+ x# B3 [/ D/ V. p1 ~* d$ Z" _! d7 z
theirs
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* m( C1 |; c, L1 z5 q練一練:
: Y1 v; J9 Y8 H" V( y4 M& x7 H( I' |4 C1、按請求寫出響應人稱代詞。
" F6 y. J. i: q' f. p OI(賓格)_______ she(形容詞性物主代詞)_______ we(名詞性物主代詞)_______
5 W( z6 E/ E1 f4 F5 ]0 ihe(復數)_______ us(單數)_______ theirs(主格)_______ its(賓格)_______
2 S1 @4 h' J# }7 ~: ?% r2、想一想,把下表彌補完全。
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1 w! m1 t! z/ L% [; r人稱代詞
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物主代詞
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單數
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復數
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主格
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* p2 h( B, L: a) P/ ^7 q賓格
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/ K1 f8 U# Q4 l- [, w) m$ V* m F
主格
X* Q) [8 @1 B2 e# t& c) t
; ?3 h4 k$ F; b賓格
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5 e+ ]) d! D8 A形容詞性
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名詞性
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7 u3 Y5 z( M* z2 g2 `# k8 \+ M Y第一人稱
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Z. F) E/ A% R' H& x. }; w$ q% V5 H/ V
( L1 C+ W% V! |+ q* D! xme
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% N J+ A) V$ j4 z; E/ a- k7 z
, F' X2 q7 N% C3 i2 \5 N+ Sus
5 }& ]% g8 V. A: t. p# d
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" v7 q% Y; t }9 _. m- O! w& {/ A
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our
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第二人稱
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you
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6 f% w* i- d9 P9 W' Hyou
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+ a* W% g& I6 v- g$ s
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第三人稱
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them
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& M1 t$ e) n6 {8 ~his
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her
4 d6 n1 q* ?. G: { ?! A$ `7 S
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2 R, U1 `/ t: d5 C6 S1 g- s
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9 v" J: w0 B: g2 }' xits
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% R$ j- a2 m" J0 }3 m3、用所給詞的恰當情勢填空。
9 S$ |8 [; g5 c7 O% e1)That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
3 H6 u3 a0 q- s% K9 x: O/ E2)The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
5 U# ?( r% t$ ~8 i3 k3)Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) % T" Q1 k6 \7 l% G) l F) t
4)_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) , g' ~6 g( y' i0 t% s1 y
5)_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
n4 V. `+ K0 |5 J' m6)Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they ) ) }) O! |! R+ r3 C
7)I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 2 X `$ n! q* E" w9 _: ]
8)Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
5 b1 i }6 Z7 a8 x2 c6 w9)Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we ) ) p, Z. R. i; U9 k
10)_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) ; ?; O7 m6 ]& s; s0 [4 ?( _9 B
11)Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
% w8 r8 [5 _7 B12)Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )# P5 `+ j& G4 l5 ?, }: o( c1 v
13)_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) 2 F4 a: P* ?' C5 U
14)The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
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五、形容詞、副詞
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* F6 o8 o$ `3 n1、形容詞表現某一事物某人的特點,副詞表現某一動作的特點。形容詞和副詞有三種情勢:本相、比擬
* k L, X/ u) A* f) Q( h級、第一流。比擬級:+er 第一流:the …+est
/ u, n. f* y8 g兩個主要特點:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er。
$ E" F1 K5 ^0 c% H0 @2、形容詞、副詞比擬級的規(guī)矩變更如下:2 z2 F+ q4 i8 P+ t
(1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 單音節(jié)詞假如以-e結尾,只加-r。如:late - later! c" G' M n/ ]5 a# _
(2)重讀閉音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個子音字母,須雙寫這個字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
9 ]% q) G' N+ H7 Z(3)以子音字母加-y結尾的詞,變y為i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
: E, d$ v( S. D, `' C3 ~(4)雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比擬級應在原級前加more組成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
' A+ g6 v- O+ d& _ careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
, @6 p0 t, M* u* k0 }7 a# k(5)有些不規(guī)矩變更的,須一一加以記憶。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…
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1、寫出下列形容詞、副詞的比擬級。
" v& T; s/ k, R O" xbig good long tall old . \$ h. u) I4 h! p
short thin heavy young fat ; U2 i; p3 o0 P! Q. L6 D; s
light strong high far low ( k# d, A A/ h9 u$ M
early late well fast slow
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( r4 g' S- z) c* i; q$ r2、用括號內亂所給單詞的恰當情勢填空。
^& b; W2 p7 |1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.; U2 x; H$ y2 d& U
2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.$ F/ M+ x2 Q2 f; E7 a: d& Q
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
0 s& g( R& D; M- s4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
6 Z7 I; \$ _4 \+ [8 X5) Does Jim run as _______(slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.( q0 w! b6 P, G
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
$ {, K6 q2 e" Z9 v' H7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.0 K0 ]( B8 @. T1 B, B5 q* c4 Q
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me." n$ M5 `" q* ^7 h* Y! C/ M- R
9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
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六、介 詞
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[; [" @+ _( c1 a1 ^ o( Y' n1、一種虛詞。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的賓語一路組成介詞短語,才干在句子中起感化。
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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
" @% M* N) p/ Q: c+ @from…to…, at the back of…5 V( x1 P( }* B; R; C
2、表現時光的介詞有:at, on, in。(1)at表現“在某一個具體的時光點上”,或用在固定詞組中。如:at ten
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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…(2)on表現“在某日或某日的時光段”。如:on Friday, on the
- _! j: [* c8 [1 j$ b5 pfirst of October, on Monday morning…(3)in表現“在某一段時光(月份、季候)里”。如:in the afternoon,
; T+ K# c' [/ R T* e2 |in September, in summer, in 2005…
5 V% _/ W( b8 H; j2 {3、in一詞還有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴藍色的衣服),in English(用英語表達),take part in(參
! d5 m1 s; Q3 |0 D4 l( c# B加)。
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1、選用括號內亂適當的介詞填空。+ E! j: ^* I' d- N3 Q
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?
. D; ^# d6 ]6 P: N: {2 S: e) T& V2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.- |3 w; _7 G' N" L, c8 h" f9 B
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.! g+ q4 B0 Z3 R7 o2 X
4) He doesn’t do well _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.; X3 \. f4 F3 n% W
5) Look at those birds _______ ( on, in ) the tree.) f n, @. u! X M! y) r2 g, H
6) We are going to meet _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.6 U( C( @- A7 Q+ d- K7 ^% Y) e
7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
1 L' @, W; G5 ~3 g8) Helen’s writing *** is _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.) x" X( x0 R# Y* [: f0 I
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
# ^' G' o, c& E2 l10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?6 }0 N9 s1 R' G. q6 a Z6 m) `$ `
2、圈出下列句子中應用不適當的介詞,并將準確的謎底寫在橫線上。1 t$ |1 ]/ e& X0 V
1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now.
0 g9 s( U* ^; B3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May? , n) u4 r7 P8 m8 c0 z+ n7 \
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning. * P: \- G4 S4 H
7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English?
6 U6 h; K, w% r# |* Z1 m9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?
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